Stainless Steel 'Tea Staining'

Pitting and stress corrosion can result from moist thermal insulation where chlorides are present. This information sheet provides background information on the sources of chlorides within such insulation materials and describes two corrosion prevention methods.

A general textbook on all types of corrosion. Contains a chapter on metals and alloys including stainless steels (to order as a hard copy).

Chapters of this book include: 1) Principles & definitions 2) Non Metallic Coatings & linings 3) Metallic Coatings 4) Cleaning preparation 5) Corrosion inhibitors/additives 6) Cathodic Protection 7) Corrosion Monitoring and Detection 8) Materials used in corrosive environments 9) Corrosion resistant products 10) Corrosion Control in structures, plant and mining operations 11) Index (A charge may be applied)

Corrosion is a big problem in steel structures, especially in coastal areas. To avoid corrosion, steel structures have to be painted at regular intervals, thus increasing the maintenance cost and the bother of periodic maintenance. Due to this, many owners and architects do not specify steel space frames and instead, stainless steel is being increasingly used.

The book provides comprehensive information on general corrosion, localized corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, microbiologically influenced corrosion, high temperature corrosion, corrosion protection, corrosion monitoring and failure investigation. It is supported by about 1000 references, 200 figures, 100 micrographs and 50 tables.

The paper describes an investigation which seeks to understand the corrosion mechanisms of Aluminium, Magnesium Mild Steel and Stainless Steel in different cement systems.

Corrosion by soil is a complex phenomenon due to the great number of variables involved. In principle, stainless steels should be in the passive state in soils, but the presence of water and aggressive chemical species such as chloride ions, sulphates and as well as types of bacteria and stray current, can cause localised corrosion.

The study has been conducted in conjunction with an interdisciplinary team of experts from the fields of metallurgy, chemicals, economics, and others. The report, submitted to the US Congress during the autumn of 2001 concludes. that the Cost of Corrosion in the US is 276 BUSD per annum.

In this paper, the test methods applied for crevice corrosion testing are described and discussed.

When two different metals are immersed in a corrosive solution, each will develop a corrosion potential. If the corrosion potential of the two metals is significantly different, and they are in direct contact and immersed in an electrolyte, the more noble metal will become the cathode and the more active metal will become the anode. A measurable current may flow between the anode and the cathode. The corrosion rate of the anode will be increased and the cathode decreased. The increased corrosion of the anode is called "galvanic corrosion".

This Nickel Institute publication is presented in three sections: "For the welder," deals with the differences in welding techniques for nickel-containing stainless steels, versus conventional carbon steels; "For the materials engineer," describes various types of stainless steels and how their metallurgical and corrosion resistant characteristics are affected by welding and heat treating; and, "For the design engineer," which demonstrates how the corrosion performance of stainless steels can be enhanced by good design.

The high-performance stainless steels have distinctly superior corrosion resistance in a wide variety of aggressive environments than Types 304 and 316 with regard to metallurgy and fabrication requirements. This Nickel Institute publication provides assistance in making the optimum material selection for a given application, and provides guidance in the fabrication and use of the selected grade.

The super duplex stainless steel grade UNS S32750 was studied with regard to susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement when cathodically protected in chloride containing media. Under constant load, no cracking was observed at loads exceeding the yield strengths of the materials. The paper looks at critical factors when designing super duplex systems for use in connection with cathodic protection of subsea installations.

The corrosion resistance of stainless steel arises from a “passive”, chromium-rich, oxide film that forms naturally on the surface of the steel. The mechanisms of corrosion include crevice corrosion, pitting corrosion, intercystalline (or intergranular) corrosion (ICC), stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and galvanic (bi-metallic) corrosion and are often associated with chlorides or acid conditions.

The metals most commonly used today in the construction of yachts, marine structures and fittings are stainless steel and aluminium. While aluminium is light, it has limited corrosion resistance in seawater and requires significant maintenance. Stainless steel, on the other hand, is recognised as the premium material for marine applications where it is used for its excellent corrosion resistance, lustre, strength and stiffness.

This article is the latest in a series of case histories where the application of moly has helped companies to solve technical problems. It has been written by an IMOA consultant, Catherine Houska of TMR Stainless, who will play a leading part in IMOA's new effort to promote molybdenum containing stainless steels in the area of outdoor applications in architecture, building and construction in 2002.

Two special ferritic stainless steels were investigated in a hot chloride environment and were found to be immune to stress corrosion in that environment.

From a comparison of the localized corrosion resistance and mechanical properties it was concluded that the laboratory Ti, Ti + Nb or Nb stabilized ELI ferritic stainless steels and the commercial type 25 Cr-4 Ni-4 MoTi of analogous composition could be a valuable alternative to the more expensive highly alloyed stainless steel type 20 Cr-25 Ni-4.5 MoCu which has been especially developed and already used for industrial sea-water applications. (Politecnico di Milano).

The influence of high temperature water and 22% NaCl solution leads to transgranular stress corrosion cracking. The most aggressive environment for high nitrogen Cr–Mn steels is 22% CuCl2 solution. This paper considers the corrosion mechanisms involved. (there is a small charge for this paper).

In this paper, the test methods applied for crevice corrosion testing are described and discussed.

This technical paper reviews the behaviour of conventional stainless steels in freshwater, chloride-containing waters and seawater. Included are the austenitic Types 304 and 316 stainless steels, Type 410 and the ferritic 18Cr/2Mo/Ti stainless steels. Factors of importance for alloy selection are discussed. The paper also considers welded joints, soft soldered joints and brazed joints (Reprinted from Transactions of the 2nd Spanish Corrosion Congress.)

Stainless steels are susceptible to crevice or pitting attack in chloride bearing waters. Their behavior has been studied by a number of investigators. There is considerable variation in the percentage of apparently identical sites where attack occurs, when it occurs.

This article examines the selection criteria for several stainless steels and nickel-bearing alloys in the production and handling of nitric acid and in its use, both in the production of ammonium nitrate fertilizers and as an acid mixture with HF for descaling.

This Nickel Institute publication begins with alloys suitable for equipment used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid and in the storage and handling of cold, concentrated commercially-pure acid. The author presents guidelines for the selection of corrosion-resisting materials, including typical applications that involve dilute, intermediate and strong acid.

This Nickel Institute publication shows how the corrosive action of organic acids is complicated because, as a rule, these acids are not handled in isolation but as process mixtures with inorganic acids, organic solvents and salts. Certain guidelines in alloy selection are presented for storage, handling and manufacture.

This article gives concise general information about stainless steel and includes details of the various types of corrosion and where it can occur.

Euro Inox publication available by request as either a CD ROM or as a DVD. Different mechanisms of stainless steel corrosion are covered as is the cost of corrosion.

Stainless Steel is remarkable for its practically unlimited resistance to corrosion. Of all properties, it is this resistance that makes stainless steel so useful for construction.

This handbook is designed to acquaint the reader with the 300 series stainless steels, particularly grades 304 and 316 and their applications in areas where coastal or salt corrosion is a factor in the life of a metal component.

Atmospheric corrosion, tarnishing, pitting, crevice corrosion, embedded iron, erosion/corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking can all impact the performance and appearance of building materials. This paper discusses all of these issues and describes stainless steel's performance relative to other construction materials.

Prepared by the Nickel Development Institute, in association with the Sports Council, Stainless Steel Advisory Centre, Building Research Establishment, Institute of Sport Recreation Management, and Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group, 1995. This guide gives practical advice on the successful use of stainless steel in Swimming Pools. It is aimed at architects, designers, builders and pool managers.

The structure and properties of stainless steel alloys are reviewed in this paper. Examples are given of the differences between a number of grades. Corrosion principles and forms of corrosion as they apply to stainless steels are discussed. The various types, shapes and surface finishes available are considered.

Stainless steel is self-healing. This is why it does not require any coating or other corrosion protection.