As the family of alloys collectively known as stainless steels continues to expand, so do their potential applications throughout industry.  Generally speaking it is the ability to withstand attack by highly corrosive chemicals that creates such a high level of demand for these alloys within the chemical and petrochemical industrial sectors.

In recent years, the emergence of highly-alloyed grades such as the so-called “super-austenitic”, “super-ferritic” and “duplex” grades has enabled stainless steels to compete with nickel and titanium-based alloys for service in the most demanding conditions.  Today, these two sectors account for a large percentage of total stainless steel demand.

Included in this library section you will find papers related to use in oil and gas production, petroleum refining, pulp & paper machinery, fertiliser plants and many, many more.

The concentration of liquids is a process used in many industries -- food, beverage, chemical, pulp and paper, pharmaceutical, water and waste-water treatment. This AISI publication describes how and where stainless steels are used to assure long, trouble-free service in the evaporator/concentrator environments.

This Nickel Institute report discusses stress corrosion cracking, SCC, that occurs with stainless steels in chemical plants. It focuses on SCC caused by chlorides and how to prevent it.

This AISI publication helps materials engineers identify the engineering materials used in all phases of petroleum refining. including distillation, catalytic cracking, coking, hydrotreating, reforming, and hydrocracking. It describes and illustrates types and nature of corrosion problems frequently encountered in petroleum refining.

This AISI publication discusses the selection of stainless steels for process equipment in ammonia production plants. It provides technical data on 18 stainless steels that might be used for construction materials. It provides data on the candidate stainless steels for desulphurization, catalytic steam reforming, carbon monoxide shift, carbon dioxide removal, methanation, synthesis, and turbine-driven centrifugal compression trains.

This excerpt from the ISSF Book of New Applications 2007, gives more information on applications in the area of electrical engineering.

The following are included here:

·         LMD-filter hood

This excerpt from the Book of New Applications 2009, gives more information on applications in the area of chemical, petrochemical.

The following are included here:

·         Container Tank

·         Autoclaves

·         Biogas Plant

·         Bipolar Plates for Fuel Cells

The specification of bar (to BS970) and coil / plate (to BS1449) before 1983 covered two type 316 grades: a 'low' carbon with 0.03% max (316S12) and a 'standard' carbon with 0.07% max 316S16. Both had a molybdenum content in the range of 2.25-3.0 %.

Case study showing how Stainless steel with 6% Mo improves equipment efficiency and eliminates costly repair in a chemical process vessel. Provided by Thomas Stoner of Hercules Incorporated and Kelly Wyrough of Roben Manufacturing and written by IMOA consultant John Grocki. (107 Kb pdf)

A rendering plant has been using a Type 304L stainless steel (SS) heat exchanger to condense the rendering cooker gases and heat plant water. Corrosion problems led to its replacement by Mo-containing 2205 Stainless steel. This case study has been written up by IMOA consultant John Grocki of Advantage Resources Consulting. (93 Kb pdf)

This series of standards applies to unfired pressure vessels subject to a pressure greater than 0,5 bar gauge but may be used for vessels operating at lower pressures, including vacuum. It covers the use of ferritic and austenitic materials at maximum allowable temperatures for which creep effects need not be considered, i.e. where proof strength governs the allowable stress. For ferritic steels the temperature limit corresponds to calculation temperatures below approximately 380°C.

The development of pulp and paper processes has been closely linked to the development of stainless steels. The paper explores the reasons why both industrial sectors have strong connections in the Nordic countries.

The paper relates to the use of stainless steel in Paper pulp mills. Actual applications where austenitic stainless steel has been replaced with duplex stainless steel will be discussed. (A small charge applies for download)

The paper contains a survey of digesters and other pressure vessels, e.g. hot liquor tanks, accumulators and impregnation vessels, made of solid duplex stainless steel and installed in pulp cooking plants. (A small charge applies for download)

Guidebook for Design of ASME Section VIII Pressure Vessels, Third Edition, provides you with details of design, materials selection, fabrication, inspection, and testing of pressure vessels and their components as well as a review of the background issues, reference materials, technology, and techniques necessary for the safe, reliable, cost-efficient function of pressure vessels in the petrochemical, paper, power, and other industries.

Special BSSA report to provide buyers and specifiers with clear guidelines for specifying stainless long products to the latest European standards

This datasheet discusses the principal parts of EN10088 which, in 1988, replaced several older national standards

Guidebook for Design of ASME Section VIII Pressure Vessels, Third Edition, provides you with details of design, materials selection, fabrication, inspection, and testing of pressure vessels and their components as well as a review of the background issues, reference materials, technology, and techniques necessary for the safe, reliable, cost-efficient function of pressure vessels in the petrochemical, paper, power, and other industries