Design standards for structural stainless steel are compared. The European (Eurocode 3 ENV 1993-1-4), American (SEI/ASCE 8-02) and Australian/New Zealand (AS/NZS 4673) standards are reviewed in some detail.
To stimulate demand for stainless steel structural members, Aichi Steel Works of Japan has used nickel-containing S30400 to construct an entrance hall in the company's office building.
A list of design rule references.
Stainless steel is widely used in and around swimming pools and performs exceptionally well in most applications. However, some common types of stainless steel are not suitable for use in the airspace of indoor pool buildings in certain applications where they are subject to a tensile stress. This ASSDA Bulletin provides helpful guidance.
The BSSA Stainless Steel Sections Directory 2006, Second Edition shows a comprehensive list of sections available from eleven UK suppliers. The Directory gives a list of all of the standard section types and sizes which are available, supplier details and a glossary of terms.
The material behaviour of stainless steel strongly differs from that of mild steel beyond the proportional limit. Consequently, the buckling behaviour of mild steel structures and stainless steel structures will differ from each other in so far as for any given stainless steel structure of medium slenderness, i.e. belonging to the “elastic-plastic” region, the buckling capacity is lower than for a comparable mild steel structure of identical shape and area.
The deterioration of concrete infrastructure is the largest civil engineering challenge facing the developed world. In the United States alone, it has been reported that 600,000 road bridges are scheduled for repair at an estimated cost of US$200 billion; four times the cost of their original construction.
In this paper recommendations are given along with examples.
When austenitic stainless steel is cold worked, it undergoes substantial strain hardening leading to significant strength enhancement. Utilisation of the enhanced strength is economic in the case of stainless steel structural applications.
The Euro Inox brochure Erection and Installation of Stainless Steel Structures amplifies and explains the mandatory requirements on erection according to Euronorm EN 1090. It addresses site conditions and erection planning, which should take into account factors such as stability, lifting, access and stiffness of part-erected structures.
Resistance to shear is one of the most important load cases to be considered when designing slender steel plated structures. This is a widely studied issue in carbon steel but not in stainless steel structures due to its recent introduction into construction as structural material.
A brief overview of the formulation of a non-linear elastic Generalised Beam Theory (GBT) is first presented. This formulation extends/modifies the available one and can be applied to assess the local and global buckling behaviour of open and closed thin-walled columns made of elastic-plastic materials, such as stainless steel or aluminium.
This Design Specification regulates the design and application of stainless steel for loaded structures and is generally valid in Germany until December 31, 2008. There are 17 steel grades specified by their performance in structural appliances and corrosive environments, even in swimming pool buildings.
The Basilica of Aquileia in Laguna di Grado in northern Italy contains the largest and best preserved early Christian mosaics. Measures had to be undertaken to preserve these unique pictorial images. Glass wake ways were suspended from the new roof on a stainless steel support frame.
As Bilbao residents watch construction progress on the world's first all-stainless steel bridge, developments across Europe confirm the growing interest in a host of architectural applications for the metal.
Paper presented on the occasion of the Symposium 'Structural Applications of Stainless Steel in Building and Construction' on 24th February 2000 in Brussels.
Paper by F. Mirtsch, S. Mirtsch, M. Schade, University of Applied Sciences, Berlin.
· Natural vault-structuring by self-organisation
· Properties of hexagonally structured metal sheet
· Selected application examples of stainless steel
This article describes the testing programme and results for isothermal material tests at elevated temperatures for cold worked stainless steels. The main objective of the tests is to provide data for fire design guidance.
This excerpt from the ISSF Book of New Applications 2006, gives more information on structural applications in the Architecture, Building and Construction sector.
The following applications can be seen here:
· Arch for the new Malizia bridge in Siena
· All stainless steel fastener system
· Pedestrian bridge for Stockholm
· Riverwalk floating away
· Reinforcement for concrete
The lift frame is an open steel construction that is encased in glass at the exit levels.
Research at the University of Sydney, in the stainless steel area has for the last three years concentrated on the local buckling strength of stainless steel plates with application to cold-formed sections.
Article outlines a project by the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), which is using highly alloyed stainless steel reinforcing bar in its concrete structures. It describes a bridge that is expected to provide maintenance-free service for 120 years, nearly 2.5 times the service life of the bridge it is replacing.
Despite an awareness campaign carried out in the mid 1990s by the Nickel Development Institute, a recent event in The Netherlands has indicated that the dangers posed by SCC in some types of stainless steels in indoor swimming pools are not as widely recognised as they need to be.
This paper was presented at ISSF-7 conference in May 2003 by Graham Gedge from Arup. The Open Panel Discussion is summarized at the end of the paper.
Stainless steel is increasingly used in Italy for building construction, nevertheless the use of concrete for structural members is still largely prevalent. Interesting perspectives are open for stainless steel cold worked sheets, plates and bars and the mechanical properties of cold worked bars are illustrated. Current cases of construction practice using stainless steel as a structural material in Italy are shown.
This paper reports on recently conducted structural stainless steel research in the UK and summarises the activities and findings of two major projects.
At King Ludwig II’s fairytale castle in southern Bavaria extensive renovation work became necessary. The managing authorities were keen for both modern technology and high-quality materials to be used, as a way of preserving the monument for many years to come.
This paper introduces a recently established R&D program for utilizing thin stainless steel plates in building constructions.
Details selecting stainless steel fasteners with a description of the basic types. Discusses the criteria for choosing the right stainless steel presented with the typical properties and some thoughts on designing for optimum corrosion resistance.
As more and more steel buildings are built, an increasing number of architects are recommending stainless steel fasteners -- not only for industrial and commercial applications but for residential housing as well.
Learn how laboratory test results unequivocally demonstrate that stainless steel has superior fire and heat resistance compared to other materials.
An eight-page booklet that combines text with drawings, photographs, and charts to illustrate how efficiently and effectively non-corrosive stainless steel can be used with concrete; motor natural stonework and brickwork; plastics; copper and copper alloys; aluminum; and carbon, zinc and galvanized steel.
This paper is a summary of work performed in Sweden since 1998, addressing the resistance of welded I-girders made of stainless steel subjected to concentrated forces or shear.
The images in this animation show just some of the long products applications for stainless steel ...
Stainless steel can be fabricated by methods similar to those used by carbon steel. However, other considerations must be taken into account because of the difference in material properties such as yield strength and rate of work hardening. This Designer Handbook has several suggestions on techniques for cutting, bending, forming, and finishing the austenitic and ferritic stainless steels.
Paper presented at the International Experts Seminar, 20th May 2003, Ascot, UK
Prepared by the Nickel Development Institute, in association with the Sports Council, Stainless Steel Advisory Centre, Building Research Establishment, Institute of Sport Recreation Management, and Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group, 1995. This guide gives practical advice on the successful use of stainless steel in Swimming Pools. It is aimed at architects, designers, builders and pool managers.
This paper presents a constitutive model proposed for stainless steel. The model is a two surface model utilizing the concept of fuzzy sets. An experimental investigation has been performed on two different stainless steel grades as a reference to the model.
Deterioration of reinforced concrete caused by corrosion of the carbon steel reinforcing bars (rebars) is a worldwide problem. The corrosion product ("rust") occupies a greater volume than the original steel bar and this creates a pressure which causes cracking and subsequent spalling of the surrounding concrete.
Paper submitted to the Fifth Stainless Steel Science and Market Congres in Sevilla, September 27-30, 2005. Covers the main benefits of stainless steel rebar and the influence of fabrication on mechanical properties and microstructure-
A two-page guidance document for users of stainless steel rebar.
Stainless Steel Rebar and related construction products have been in the United States and Canada since 1996. Stainless steels have found increasing acceptance as the material of choice where a highly corrosion resistant material is needed to combat the ravages of corrosion from chlorides.
This paper discusses the role of Mo-containing stainless steels in prolonging the life of concrete structures
A flash presentation describing the advantages of using stainless steel rebar.
3CR12 is a corrosion resisting steel that before 2002 was only available in hot-rolled form in relatively simple shapes such as plate and rod.
This document is a guide to the design of stainless steel structures for engineers. The guide gives design recommendations, design examples, section properties and member capacities for commonly used stainless steel sections.
EN1993 has about 20 parts covering common rules, fire design, bridges, buildings, tanks, silos, pipelined piling, crane supported structures, towers and masts, chimneys etc. Rules for stainless steel appear for the first time
Stainless steel is one of the materials most often encountered during the average day. We find it on the breakfast table, in the office, in public transport, in children's playgrounds, in hospitals, in factories, and so on. For years it has been known as a valuable construction material. Today, architects are using it more and more, for its remarkable visual and mechanical properties and its durability.
For many years now, European manufacturers have been using stainless steel panels to construct the walls of swimming pools. Now, this relatively simple construction technique is catching on in North America.
English edition. Based on the Technical Manual for the Design and Construction of Roofs of Stainless Steel Sheet, published by JSSA in 1985. It comments on processes in use in Japan for welding stainless steel, and includes a practical commentary on structural methods and construction, taking into account the climate and construction technology of Japan.
The paper summarises a series of tests on cold-formed stainless steel tubular structures recently conducted in Singapore and Hong Kong.
· The building and its environment
· Geometry of the structure
· The structure and its construction
· Summary of the principal characteristics
In 1992 an architectural competition was held to design ventilation structures for air inlet and extraction on Stockholm’s system of ringroads. The winners were Tengbom arkitekter of Stockholm.
ISSF has produced a leaflet which answers some basic questions on stainless steel rebar:
· Why stainless steel reinforcing bar?
· What are the benefits?
· Is it cost-effective?