A cleaning frequency or schedule for external or various architectural application site types is shown and covers grades 1.4016 (430) 1.4301 (304) and 1.4401 (316). The sites include rural urban and coastal (marine). Cleaning suggestions for a range of situations are made.

Chromium may occur in several valence states: chromium in metallic form (valence state 0), trivalent form (Cr III), and hexavalent form (Cr VI) are the most common and important. Trivalent chromium (Cr III) occurs widely in nature and is an essential nutrient required by the human body to promote the action of insulin in body tissues. Chromium as a pure metal has no reported human or environmental toxicity effects. Both acute and chronic toxicity of chromium are mainly caused by hexavalent chromium compounds (Cr VI).

Stainless steels have optimum resistance to corrosion when clean and free of scale. This AISI publication describes several pickling and cleaning methods. Acids and typical cleaning systems are identified, variations in time, temperature, and techniques are discussed.

Details of how to order the authoritative “Blue Book” can be found on the NZSSDA website.

A new technical paper in the Nickel Institute's Reference Book Series has been posted

This document provides information about stainless steel fabrication practices and their implications on corrosion behaviour when exposed to waters and waste waters. Aspects of grade selection guidelines, alloy properties, design and health and safety aspects are also included.

Forming methods are discussed and include cutting, sawing, shearing, plasma cutting, blanking, punching, piercing, bending, drawing, spinning and tube bending.

In nine case studies, this publication describes how stainless steel makes it possible to fabricate exceptionally complex shapes involving as few parts and welds as possible. Minimizing the number of forming operations or heat treatments, the stainless steel solution can also be particularly cost-effective.

Stainless steel is a family of more than one hundred metallic alloys. Their common feature is that they have a maximum carbon content of 1.2% and a minimum chromium content of 10.5%.  Within this family of grades, there are different degrees of corrosion resistance to various media – from the very mild conditions in the interior of office buildings to the more corrosive conditions prevailing in an external marine environment or the splash zones of building components exposed to de-icing salt or sea water.

Architects specify stainless steel for its excellent corrosion resistance as well as for its visual qualities. Good fabrication is essential to maintain both these features. Stainless steel is not more difficult to cut, form and join than other metallic materials, but it may be different. Respecting those small differences is the key to success.

This Nickel Institute publication is presented in three sections: "For the welder," deals with the differences in welding techniques for nickel-containing stainless steels, versus conventional carbon steels; "For the materials engineer," describes various types of stainless steels and how their metallurgical and corrosion resistant characteristics are affected by welding and heat treating; and, "For the design engineer," which demonstrates how the corrosion performance of stainless steels can be enhanced by good design.

The paper discusses aspect of the fabrication of stainless steels for chemical, dairy, food, architectural, biotechnology equipment and similar services. For the welder, there is information on the differences in welding techniques for nickel-containing stainless steels, versus conventional carbon steels. There is also information of value to the materials engineer and for the design engineer, in terms of enhancing corrosion performance.

Techniques for underwater welding of stainless steels are explored.

Aspects of laser welding heavy-section duplex are discussed.

When welding superaustenitic stainless steels, the common practice is to use nickel base fillers overalloyed with molybdenum. This paper discusses metallurgical aspects.

The corrosion resistance of stainless steel is due to a 'passive', chromium-rich complex, oxide film that forms naturally on the surface of the steel. This is the normal condition for stainless steel surfaces and is known as the 'passive state' or 'passive condition'.

24-page booklet on the fabrication of duplex stainless steels

A high nitrogen alloyed iron base filler metal has been developed aiming to overcome some of the difficulties associated with nickel-based fillers.

Describes fabrication methods, such as cutting, shearing, blanking, bending and forming. Compares stainless to mild steel with suggested fabrication methods. Descaling, removing mild discoloration, and the definition of passivation are discussed. Comments on handling, care in the shop, and cleaning procedures.

This explains about method and application of basic surface treatment briefly. Attached pictures are interesting. Because they show the appearance which things reflect on each surface.

This table provides a handy summary of the popular nomenclature for stainless steel surface finishes. A visual representation is also included to show the reflected images from each type of finish

Paper submitted to the Fifth Stainless Steel Science and Market Congres in Sevilla, September 27-30, 2005. It covers  alternative fuel tank developments and the relevant laws and regulations to comply with. It goes on to describe a new polymorphic stainless steel tank for automobiles

For many years, stainless steel low pressure fittings have been manufactured to dimensions of cast (ANSI B16.3) malleable iron and wrought steel (BS 1740) fittings standards. These standards have governed the majority of readily available stainless steel products in Australia.

English edition. Based on the Technical Manual for the Design and Construction of Roofs of Stainless Steel Sheet, published by JSSA in 1985. It comments on processes in use in Japan for welding stainless steel, and includes a practical commentary on structural methods and construction, taking into account the climate and construction technology of Japan.

This document discusses the following points:

·         Specifying mechanically finished surfaces for stainless steel fabrications

·         Frequently used finishing methods

·         Frequently used abrasives and power tools

·         Best practice finishing

·         Case studies

·         Health, safety and environmental issues

Practical advice on how to avoid weld imperfections when welding different types of stainless steel.

Welding inevitably produces contamination of the steel surface, not least of which is the heat tint at the weld line. Care must be taken to minimise and control this contamination. Similarly care must be taken when designing and implementing stud welded structures. Welded structures should normally be cleaned after fabrication. Various methods are available which may influence the aesthetics of the unit. This can be advantageous.

This title is claimed to be the first book in over twenty years to address welding metallurgy and weldability issues associated with stainless steel. It offers an up-to-date and comprehensive treatment of these topics.

This paper includes:

·         Stainless Steel Welding Processes

·         Weldability of Stainless Steels

·         Selecting Shielding Gases for Welding of Stainless Steels

·         Selecting Welding Consumables for Welding of Stainless Steels

·         Joint Preparation in Arc Welding

·         Finishing Treatments for WeldsSafe Practices

·         Glossary: Terms and Definitions

An overview of welding stainless steels is given, with particular reference to the various welding methods that can be used. Standards mentioned include BSEN1600 BSEN12072 BSEN12073 BSEN760 BSEN287 Part1 (Approved testing of welders for fusion welding) BSEN288 Part 3 Welding Procedure tests for the arc welding of steels.

Contains 31 tables and 40 figures on the metallurgical characteristics of stainless steels and the changes that can take place during welding. Aspects covered include different welding and joining methods, joint designs and weld filler-metal selection. Also discusses pipe welding, weld overlays, welding clad plate, welding dissimilar metals, and post-weld cleaning and finishing.

The pros and cons of welding with both types of filler electrodes are discussed.

The importance of good design and surface finish selection for the successful fabrication of stainless steel is outlined along with some of the properties that can affect the fabrication and performance of stainless steels.